Previously, cytoskeletal F-actin is identified as a ligand for C-type lectin member 9A (CLEC9A)[97], and chaperone HSP70 is shown as a ligand for TLR2 and TLR4[98]; therefore, these upregulated components may be responsible for DV-EVs-induced inflammatory reactions during viral infection. The gene discussed is TLR2; the disease is viral infectious disease.