TNF and infection: In the early phase of infection, the timely induction of IFNγ by NK, NKT, and CD8+ cells Cnops et al., 2015 followed by the production of TNFα and NO by IFNγ-primed macrophages (Baral et al., 2007; Iraqi et al., 2001; Lopez et al., 2008; Lucas et al., 1994; Magez et al., 1993; Magez et al., 2007; Magez et al., 2006; Magez et al., 2001; Magez et al., 1999; O'Gorman et al., 2006; Sternberg and Mabbott, 1996; Wu et al., 2017) leads to effective control of first-peak parasitaemia.