JUNB and infection: In this study, we treated hTERT‐HM cells with LPS‐O55:B5 serotype to mimic infection, which resulted in phosphorylation of NF‐кB inhibitor, IκBα, and nuclear translocation/activation of NF‐кB, while treatment with TPA to mimic non‐infectious inflammation caused phospho‐activation of AP‐1 protein cFOS (Figure 4B‐D).