VEGFA and atherosclerosis: Pathological cardiac abnormalities due to cancer treatments include: (i) accelerated atherosclerosis related to hormone therapy; (ii) mitochondrial dysfunction with cell death and fibrosis due to anthracycline; (iii) coronary artery disease, ischemia, thrombosis and hypertension due to vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and antimetabolites; and (iv) myocarditis with cardiogenic shock and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias due to ICIs [43].