In addition to IL-6 and IL-1, other cytokines such as TGF, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), C-X-C motif chemokine 3 (CXCL3), C-X-C motif chemokine 4 (CXCL4), and high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) can be reprogrammed by tumor cells, giving rise to an immunosuppressive cytokine-dominated CRC microenvironment, which is a common mechanism for immunosurveillance escape of cancer (63). Here, VEGFA is linked to cancer.