This upregulated expression was validated by RT-qPCR analysis of cultured tumour cells and tumours cells isolated from in vivo tumours, although it is important to note that expression of both Acta2 and Mrc2 in the D2A1-m12 cells is still substantially lower than expression levels in CAF (Supplementary Fig. 9c). Here, ACTA2 is linked to neoplasm.