TGFB1 and cancer: Experimental evidence indicates that MSCs increase stemness of cancer cells by secreting factors capable of activating pathways such as JAK2 / STAT3 in lung cancer cells [87];secreting CXCL7 [88] and increasing P2X-mediated signaling [89] in breast cancer cells; potentiating WNT and TGF-β signaling pathways in gastric cancer [90]; activating the Hedgehog/BMP4 signaling loop in ovarian cancer [91]; and via IL-8/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in colorectal cancer [92].