AKT1 and renal fibrosis: Several signaling pathways are involved in renal fibrosis, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) [11], transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad [12], Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog [13], phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K/AKT), transcription/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT), RHO/Rho coil kinase (ROCK), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α).