TNF and renal fibrosis: In addition, Zhu et al. [135] injected human AMSCs into an IRI rat model, and the results showed that AMSCs decreased α-SMA, PDGFR-β, FN, Col-I, TGF-β1, p-Smad3/Smad3, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and FACS and inhibited renal fibrosis, but increased Sox9 and IL-10.