TNF and Behcet disease: Downstream signaling from this receptor facilitates damage responses via several prominent pathways relevant to BD including NLRP3 inflammasome stimulation, proinflammatory cytokine release (TNFα, IL1-β, IL-18, IL-6, COX-2, CCL2, CCL3, and CXCL2), N ‐methyl‐d ‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced excitotoxicity, and increased expression of NF-kB, NFAT, GSK3β, AKT and VEGF [99, 114].