Crucially, it has previously been shown that ASCC3 or ZNF598 deficiency induces not only ISG expression but also a broad antiviral state (Li et al., 2013; Williamson et al., 2017; DiGiuseppe et al., 2018): in the absence of these RQC factors, cells activate the inflammatory response to an extent that is sufficient to inhibit virus infection (Li et al., 2013; DiGiuseppe et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene ZNF598 and viral infectious disease.