HDAC6 and atrial fibrillation: In addition, global AF‐related HDAC6 downregulation was reflected by reduced mRNA levels among study subjects with pAF (LA, −40%, p < 0.0001; RA, −54%, p < 0.0001) and cAF cases (LA, −36%, p = 0.011; RA, −47%, p = 0.003), respectively (Figure 4e–h).