Small-cell NEC-like tumours were characterised by the bi-allelic inactivation of both TP53 and RB1 [30, 31], whereas the genomics of large-cell NEC were more complex and heterogeneous having a ‘carcinoma-like’ signature, with similar profiles to those observed in carcinomas without neuroendocrine differentiation occurring in the corresponding location [30, 31]. Here, TP53 is linked to carcinoma.