Pro-inflammatory molecules related to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) signaling, the monocyte chemoattractant protein 1/chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (MCP1/CCR2) pathway, or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1) expression reportedly contribute to CKD progression30,31. Here, CCL2 is linked to chronic kidney disease.