MAPK1 and breast cancer: Blockage of MAPK/p38 pathway diminished IL-32-induced EMT markers, cell invasion, and metastasis in breast cancer.178 Li et al. found that DSF/Cu increased cellular ROS levels and activated the apoptosis-related MAPK pathway without inducing a significant change in JNK or p38 expression.179 However, stress-activated MAPK pathways, including JNK cascade and p38 pathway, continued to exert the complementary functions in CAF-targeted MAPK signaling pathways in cancer treatment.