TGFB1 and cancer: Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), TGF-β1, or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) from cancer cells are able to induce aerobic glycolysis of fibroblasts via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway; fibroblasts can also be metabolically reprogrammed via caveolin-1 (CAV-1) downregulation or cancer cell-derived mitochondrial transfer.43–46 In addition, various evidence has proven that the conversion of NFs into CAFs is accompanied by changes in the self-expression of certain components.