A diverse set of factors, including TGF-β1, osteopontin (OPN), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), etc., which are released from cancer cells and/or immune cells,35 induce the transition of stromal fibroblasts to CAFs by regulating the TGF-β and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathways.36–39 Then, exosomes also play essential roles in cellular communications, promoting fibroblasts to acquire new receptors or even genetic material from the cancer cells. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.