CAF-derived cytokines, including IL-6 and CXCL12, induced the generation and activation of MDSCs to favor HCC progression.342 HCC CAFs recruited normal dendritic cells and educated them to acquire a tolerogenic phenotype through IL-6/STAT3 signaling.343 Taking these observations together, it can be concluded that crosstalk between CAFs and T cells, TAMs, MDSCs, etc. is involved in the formation of tumor immunosuppression (Fig. 5), and combination therapy driven by CAFs and immunotherapies might be an effective and promising strategy for treating insensitive tumors. Here, CXCL12 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.