Cancer-derived exosomes shuttling cargos such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Gm26809, or TGF-β1 to reprogram NFs into CAFs via the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), NF-κB, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), or TGF-β signaling cascades.38,40–42 Also, a shift in energy metabolism such as aerobic glycolysis is potentially considered as a priming event in the conversion of NFs into CAFs. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.