CXCL12 and neoplasm: CAF-derived cytokines, including IL-6 and CXCL12, induced the generation and activation of MDSCs to favor HCC progression.342 HCC CAFs recruited normal dendritic cells and educated them to acquire a tolerogenic phenotype through IL-6/STAT3 signaling.343 Taking these observations together, it can be concluded that crosstalk between CAFs and T cells, TAMs, MDSCs, etc. is involved in the formation of tumor immunosuppression (Fig. 5), and combination therapy driven by CAFs and immunotherapies might be an effective and promising strategy for treating insensitive tumors.