We observed a positive association between L1HS and the forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) transcription factor (TF), which is crucial for L1HS expression; this finding is further evidence of the active expression of L1HS in the IPF cells (Fig. 2b and c, Supplemental Table 4C) [6]. Here, TF is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.