Many of the inflammation-related processes that we associate with TEs have also been previously described as contributing to IPF (IFI6, IFI27, IFI44, OAS1, IL15RA, CX3CL1, and CXCL9) (Supplemental Table 4-C), and they are known to be involved in both fibroblast activation and the accumulation of the extracellular matrix [50]. Here, CX3CL1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.