For example, using the nomogram, an AECOPD patient with lung function of GOLD III–IV, use of broad-spectrum antibiotic over 10 days in the last month, systemic corticosteroids less than 265 mg last 3 months and serum albumin more than 30 g/L, has a 26% predicted risk of IPA. Here, ALB is linked to Ito hypomelanosis.