Multivariate logistic analysis showed four independent risk-predictive factors for IPA: lung function GOLD III–IV, oral or intravenous corticosteroids (prednisone) ≥ 265 mg in the last 3 months, use of broad-spectrum antibiotic longer than 10 days in last month, and serum albumin < 30 g/L (Table 3). Here, ALB is linked to Ito hypomelanosis.