Significantly, we observed 12 critical genes, including C7orf50, RASA3, PPFIA1, CASKIN1, CUL4A, POLE, MCM5, TUBGCP3, JAKMIP1, TYK2, C17orf70, and EME2, in the PPI network based on the threshold of confidence score ≥ 0.4 (Fig S1), indicating that these genes may be closely associated with the progression of GDM. Here, EME2 is linked to gestational diabetes.