Although no direct association was noted between macrosomia and uE3 level, a recent study of Chinese women reported significantly lower uE3 and AFP levels in women with GDM than in women without pregnancy-related complications; there was also a significantly over-represented proportion of macrosomia (14.29% of the GDM group) and LGA (25.82% of the GDM group) 31. This evidence concerns the gene AFP and gestational diabetes.