BRAF and thyroid gland undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma: Abdul K. Siraj et al. 53 observed mutations in MAPK-signaling-pathway genes play a major role in PTC pathogenesis, the MAPK-pathway gene mutations are seen at a relatively high frequency of 66.6%; Hou P et al. 54 found the progression of PTC to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) may be facilitated by the coexistence of PI3K/Akt pathway-related genetic alterations and BRAF mutation.