INS and Alzheimer disease: To this end, the therapeutic benefit of P. harmala extract against AD-like pathology resides in its central ability to ameliorate hippocampal insulin resistance and oxidative stress through the crossed interaction of insulin/PI3K/Akt/GLUT4, GLP-1/Akt/GLUT4 and Akt/pGSk3β/Nrf2 cues.