CD40 and neoplasm: Notably, our RNA-seq data identified a complex role of IL-6 in regulating Mφ activity, including both pro-inflammatory (stimulation of CD40 expression) and anti-inflammatory (induction of alternative Mφ activation and immunosuppression) functions, which led us to explore dual-targeting anti-IL-6 and pro-CD40 therapy to maximally activate Mφ-mediated anti-tumor immunity.