In accordance with our results showing (1) IL-6 stimulated CD40 expression in Mφs in vitro (Fig. 3g, h) and (2) IL-6 knockout or inhibition reduced CD40 expression in tumor-associated Mφs in mice (Fig. 3i, j), linear regression analysis of gene expression in TCGA data revealed that IL-6 expression correlated with CD40 expression in patients with both GBM and glioma (Fig. 7a). Here, CD40 is linked to central nervous system cancer.