Similar to the trends that we observed in bacterial sepsis, CD14+ monocytes from patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection or influenza A infection had higher and lower usage of the MS1 and MHC-II gene programs, respectively (FDR < 0.05; Fig. 1E), and showed increased MS1 scores compared to healthy controls (P < 0.01; fig. Here, CD14 is linked to bacterial infectious disease with sepsis.