ACE and acute kidney injury: The risk of developing AKI was increased 2.61-fold (95% CI 1.21 to 5.60) with the use of a diuretic, 2.49-fold (95% CI 1.10 to 5.60) with the use of an ACE-inhibitor or ARB, and 1.69-fold (95% CI 1.04 to 2.75) with the use of a proton pump inhibitor (Table 3).