IGF signaling promotes cancer progression by affecting tumorigenesis, metastasis and resistance to cancer therapies [101,102].• CAF-derived IGF-1 primes breast cancer cells for bone metastasis [103].• CAFs induce invasion of PDAC cells through paracrine IGF1/IGF1R signaling [104].• NDRG1 inhibits PSC-CM-induced migration of PaCa via inhibition of HGF/c-MET, IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling [105].• IGF2 secreted by pericyte promotes formation of breast cancer brain metastasis [65]. Here, IGF1R is linked to permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus-pancreatic and cerebellar agenesis syndrome.