Seminal studies targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) (7) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) (8) have shown promising results in mitigating immune dysregulation and mortality in experimental sepsis models of sepsis, and clinical studies targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 have shown promise in human septic patients (9, 10). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is Sepsis.