AKR1B1 and Hyperglycemia: The deleterious effects of diabetes on SGs are related to hyperglycemia, which induces cellular abnormalities through different metabolic pathways such as non-enzymatic protein glycosylation, activation of aldose reductase and diacylglycerol phosphatidyl kinase C, and reduced hydration through the inhibition of insulin signal transduction1,3,4.