ERN1 and Salmonella Infections: Importantly, knockdown of IRE1 (siRNA pool and three independent siRNAs) or inhibition of its kinase activity by the chemical inhibitor KIRA6 (ref. 41) strongly impaired the E2F1 downregulation prompted by Salmonella infection (Fig. 3a, c and Supplementary Fig. 3b, d) or by treatment of naive cells with the secretome of Salmonella-infected cells (Fig. 3b, d and Supplementary Fig. 3c, e).