CD40 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Lastly, we observed an increase in costimulatory molecules such as CD40 and CD86 on activated TIL-Bs compared to naïve TIL-Bs in HNSCC tumors (Fig. 4a and Supplementary Fig. 7c), which we expect to be upregulated on B cell populations like GC and activated B cells for optimal antigen presentation.