INS and metabolic syndrome: We found a large number of recent research hotspots linking to the mechanism for “inflammation” and “mitochondria,” e.g., fatty-acid oxidation, inflammasome, nlrp3 inflammasome, insulin resistance, endoplasmic-reticulum (er) stress, oxidative stress, energy-metabolism, metabolic syndrome, glycolysis, phosphorylation, epithelial-cells, endothelial dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, etc., especially some mechanisms directly related to mitochondria, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, fission, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Figure 4B(a)].