CXCL1 and breast carcinoma: Tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), an essential upstream activator of the NF-κB signaling cascade, was found to be strikingly upregulated in adjacent endothelial cells in breast cancer after doxorubicin chemotherapy treatment (Acharyya et al., 2012), which was induced by the overexpression of CXCL1/2 in breast cancer cells and S100A8/9 in CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid cells.