CREB1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Moreover, EV treatment had also effects on mitochondrial defects: NSCs treated with AT-MSC-EVs showed an increase in mitochondrial protein expression, such as p-CREB/CREB and PGC1α involved in the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis and have been reported to be abnormally expressed in ALS (Kong and Xu, 1998; Lee et al., 2016).