DKK1 and cancer: In the lungs, DKK1 also reduced the latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein-1 (LTBP1)-mediated transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) secretion of cancer cells by inhibiting Wnt/Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) (CaMKII)-Nuclear factor-κb (NF-κB) signaling.