IL1R1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Further, alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with C. pneumoniae infection produce significantly higher amounts of IL-1β and lower amounts of IL-1R-antagonist (10) than cells from COPD patients without C. pneumoniae infection produce.