TNF and Arthritis: AA and CIA model experiments found that mairin inhibits paw swelling; arthritis index; joint pathology such as synovial tissue hyperplasia; cartilage destruction; vasospasm; inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17A; and RA target proteins such as endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor β (Mathew and Rajagoapl, 2017; Wang and Zhao, 2018; Huimin et al., 2019; Kun et al., 2020).