TNFSF13 and systemic lupus erythematosus: While there are some studies that demonstrated a direct correlation between BAFF and anti-dsDNA serum levels (Stohl et al., 2003; Petri et al., 2008), conflicting results were reported about the possible correlation between APRIL levels and SLE disease activity in terms of activity indices or autoantibody levels (Stohl et al., 2004; Koyama et al., 2005).