In a fibroblast SSc model induced by TGF-β1 modulation, the SSc markers COL1, FN1, and α-SMA and the inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-10 were upregulated in the TGF-β1-treated fibroblast, and the increase in proteins was inhibited by the BMSC-EVs (Supplemental Fig. 2a). The gene discussed is ACTA1; the disease is systemic sclerosis.