TKT and urinary bladder carcinoma: After linked with bladder cancer specific peptide SPB, in the presence of GCV, 1 μg/mL of tk-JCPyV VLP-SPB treatment exhibits similar growth inhibition effect with10 μg/mL of tk-JCPyV VLP in HT-1197 cells (49.2% compared to 49.1% cell survival, respectively) (Fig. 4C); 0.1 μg/mL of tk-JCPyV VLP-SPB treatment exhibits similar growth inhibition effect with 10 μg/mL of tk-JCPyV VLP in HT-1376 cells (55.3% compared to 51.1% cell survival, respectively) (Fig. 4D).