TKT and urinary bladder cancer: As the concentration of tk-JCPyV VLP-SPBs was gradually increased to 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/mL, the viability of HT-1376 bladder cancer cells also gradually decreased to 81.8%, 55.3%, 47.2%, and 47.1%, respectively (Fig. 4D).