AKT1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: It is well established through published research that L, I, and V have effects on several NASH relevant pathways including protein synthesis, glucose homeostasis, anti-obesity, and nutrient-sensitive signaling pathways, e.g., phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)58, 59.