TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: TGF-β1 inactivated DNMTs and demethylated CD274 promoter in NSCLC positively regulated PD-L1 expression [177], whereas TNF-α activated the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) pathway that demethylated CD274 promoter and promoted PD-L1 expression [177].