Besides tumor cells, PD-L1 could be expressed on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), dendritic cells (DCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), mast cells, and tumor stroma cells (astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, keratinocytes) [4]. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.