GNAS and malignant colon neoplasm: These genes included CD44 and DST, which are required for anchoring intermediate filaments to hemidesmosomes in epithelial cells and are involved in human metastatic processes; kinesin KIF1B (120), Glutaminase GLS (121), and GNAS, a stimulatory G-protein alpha subunit (G s-α) that is mutated in colon cancer and associated with familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer(122).