Within the ubiquitin pathway, E3 ubiquitin ligases including HOIP (RNF31), TRAF2, and Pellino (PELI1) showed marked infection-dependent changes at the level of phosphorylation (e.g. RNF31_S445) and ubiquitination (e.g. PELI_K202 early, TRAF2_K313 late) (Figure 4—figure supplement 2C). Here, RNF31 is linked to infection.