In response to these signals, GAMs release multiple cytokines such as transforming growth factor ß (TGF-β), stress-inducible protein 1 (STI-1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and epidermal growth factor (EGF), which promote glioma cell proliferation and inhibit T cells function (Hambardzumyan et al., 2016; Gutmann and Kettenmann, 2019). Here, TGFB1 is linked to central nervous system cancer.