TXN and renal fibrosis: For example, losartan alleviates renal fibrosis in rats with nephrectomy by down-regulating HIF-1alpha and up-regulating MMP-1/TIMP-1 or through inhibition of ER stress via up-regulation of SIRP1, followed by induction of HO-1 and thioredoxin (He et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2017); it attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis and tubular cell apoptosis in a rat model of obstructive nephropathy (Song et al., 2019) and accelerates the repair process of renal fibrosis in UUO mouse after the surgical recanalization by upregulating the Tregs expression (He et al., 2021).