Taken together, we therefore proposed that necroptosis in CCA cells through the activation of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression could create an inflammatory microenvironment and recruit immune cells, including T cells, into the tumor microenvironment, and the release of DAMPs from the necroptotic tumor cells could activate T cells, which in turn promote PD-L1 expression in CCA cells (Fig. 8). Here, CD274 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.