Accumulating evidence indicates the newly identified functions of MLKL beyond necroptosis, including regulating the generation of intraluminal and extracellular vesicles44,45 and endothelial cell adhesion gene expression46; however, the functional roles and a deeper mechanistic understanding of non-necroptotic functions of MLKL in cancers, including CCA, require further investigation47. The gene discussed is MLKL; the disease is cholangiocarcinoma.