FOXP3 and cholangiocarcinoma: Consistent with other studies in these patients, infiltration of CD8+ T cells and CD163+ M2 macrophages were both significantly associated with longer and shorter patient survival in our CCA cohorts, respectively4,5,48–50 but the FOXp3+ regulatory T cells reported to suppress immune responses against tumor cells and to be correlated with poor clinical outcome has remained an opposing finding compared to other types of cancers51.