FGF1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: As the only bona fide endothelial cell growth factor, VEGF (mainly VEGFa) regulates the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, as well as vasodilation and vascular permeability [35, 36], and is therefore considered a potential treatment for adipose tissue damage and systemic metabolic diseases after obesity [37].