The expression levels of TNF-α [NM_013693] and COX2 [NM_011198] mRNA were significantly upregulated in the skin of WT mice, but not in that of RAGE-/- mice following infection with venestatin-knockdown larvae, compared with those infected with control larvae (TNF-α, p < 0.01; COX2, p < 0.0001; Fig 6). Here, PTGS2 is linked to infection.