CHMP5 and COVID-19: Likewise, we found that COVID-19 subjects, in addition to showing significantly higher IgG binding antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, also show significantly higher IgG binding antibodies to SARS-CoV-1 (p < 0.001) and MERS-CoV (p < 0.01) spike proteins, compared with Control and pre-COVID-19 subjects, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies may be cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV (Fig 1B).