Therefore, in this review, we are the first to sum up the recent studies about the effects of autophagy on the NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory nervous system diseases including AD, Parkinson’s disease, Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), depression, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, Early brain injury (EBI) after Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and analyzed the related mechanism to provide reference for future research. The gene discussed is NLRP3; the disease is brain ischemia.