CD274 and neoplasm: Moreover, previous studies showed that PD-L1 is involved in intracellular anti-apoptotic signals and affects the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of tumor cells (Clark et al., 2016) and can transmit anti-apoptotic signals to tumor cells, thereby helping them avoid interferon-induced cell death (Li et al., 2017; Dong et al., 2018).