Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis found PNPLA3 G/G carriage associated with NAS ≥ 5 (aOR: 2.23, p = 0.007) and F ≥ 3 (aOR: 3.48, p < 0.001) independent of presence of diabetes, ALT and gender (for NAS ≥ 5) and of age and presence of diabetes (for F ≥ 3; for aORs see Tables 1A and 2A). Here, PNPLA3 is linked to neonatal abstinence syndrome.